After years of unofficial curbs on religious clothing, Tajikistan's government formally banned the wearing of the hijab in the country.

Chinese government officials, under the directive of leader Xi Jinping, have intensified efforts to promote the Sinicization of Islam and exert stronger control over religious activities as part of a sweeping persecution campaign.

To combat their refugee crisis, European countries have significantly fortified their borders, diverting resources to manage entry points and using new technology.

A sharp wave of Western outrage has been provoked by Iraq's legislation criminalizing prostitution and homosexuality, even leading to threats of withdrawal by foreign investment companies, raising significant questions about Baghdad's future relations.

The UK continues to increasingly press for the implementation of its controversial model by sending irregular migrants to Rwanda, a dangerous country in East Africa, according to observers.